1What You'll Learn
- How to approach overwhelming new material and ask precise, diagnostic grammar questions.
- The signs of femininity that matter most in practice, including the stretched-alif ending for colors and defects.
- The five fragmentsFragmentA unit that is more than a word but less than a sentence. The five fragments (Iḍāfah, Jarr Majrūr, Harf of Nasb + its Ism, Mawṣūf-Ṣifah, and the demonstrative) cover about 70% of Arabic phrases.Introduced on Day 4, IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3, Jarr MajrūrJarr Majrūrجَرّ مَجْرُورThe fragment made of a Harf of Jarr plus its Ism, like min sharri (from the evil of). The Jārr does the jarring; the Majrūr is the noun that gets jarred into Jar status.Introduced on Day 5, the Ḥarf of NaṣbHarf Naṣbحَرْف نَصْبA particle that forces its following Ism into Nasb. These are the "Sisters of Inna" (inna, anna, kaʾanna, lākinna, laʿalla, layta, biʾanna), and they can govern their Ism even across a long distance.Introduced on Day 5 + its IsmIsmاِسْمA noun: a word naming a person, place, thing, or idea (and also adjectives and adverbs). It has meaning but is unattached to time, so it is not a verb (Fiʿl) or a particle (Harf). One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1, and the Mawṣūf-ṢifahMawṣūf-Ṣifahمَوْصُوف صِفَةThe noun-adjective fragment: a noun (Mawṣūf) followed by its adjective (Ṣifah), which must agree in all four properties. This is the opposite order of English ("a book good").Introduced on Day 5, that build phrases out of words.
- The "Sisters of Inna" and how a Ḥarf of Naṣb governs its Ism even across a long distance.
- The Golden Rule of adjectiveṢifahصِفَةThe adjective in a noun-adjective fragment. By the Golden Rule it must match its Mawṣūf in all four properties: Status, Number, Gender, and Type. In Arabic the adjective comes after the noun. It is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.Introduced on Day 5 agreement across all four properties, including the tricky non-human broken pluralJamʿ Taksīrجَمْع تَكْسِيرThe broken plural: a plural that "breaks" the spelling of its singular (like mouse to mice) and carries ending sounds, so it looks singular and must be known by vocabulary. Grammatically it is treated as a singular feminine ("she"); human broken plurals may instead take their real plural.Introduced on Day 3.
- How these fragments chain together to form the grammar of Bismillāh and the opening of AlAlالْThe definite article "the" (الْ). Adding it makes a word proper and drops the tanwin off singulars (Al and tanwin cannot share one word). A Muḍāf can never carry Al.Introduced on Day 2-Fātiḥah.
2Lesson 1: The Learning Process & Deeper Review
A. Mindset for Learning
- The "Hit by a Truck" Analogy: The initial exposure to this material is designed to be overwhelming. The goal is comprehension, not 100% retention on the first pass.
- The Power of Review: Studying this material a second time will feel much easier (like being "hit by a tennis ball"). The second review is crucial for identifying your specific trouble spots.
- Asking Effective Questions: To get help, ask specific, diagnosed questions.
- Ineffective: "I don't understand gender."
- Effective: "When analyzing the word 'arḍ', I thought it was masculineMudhakkarمُذَكَّرMasculine. The default gender of any noun: a word is masculine until it shows a sign of being feminine.Introduced on Day 3 because it has no feminineMuʾannathمُؤَنَّثFeminine. A noun is feminine either really (biologically female) or grammatically, for four reasons: certain endings (ة، اء، ى), the conventional-feminine words, paired body parts, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 3 signs, but its adjectiveṢifahصِفَةThe adjective in a noun-adjective fragment. By the Golden Rule it must match its Mawṣūf in all four properties: Status, Number, Gender, and Type. In Arabic the adjective comes after the noun. It is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.Introduced on Day 5 was feminine. Am I missing a rule?"
Tip
The first pass is meant to overwhelm, aim for comprehension, not full retention. A second review feels far lighter and is where you pinpoint your real trouble spots.
Think of it like…
The first pass through this material is like getting hit by a truck, but the second pass is like getting hit by a tennis ball. The same content feels far lighter the second time around.
B. Deeper Dive into Gender (Clarification)
- The default gender is always masculine. We only identify femininity.
- Practical Focus: While there are multiple signs of femininity, in practice you will most often encounter two key indicators:
- The Tā MarbūṭaTā MarbūṭaةThe "tied tā" (ة) ending. It is the most common sign that a word is feminine. In the sound feminine plural it "opens up" into a regular tā (ت) before the -āt ending.Introduced on Day 2 (ة / ةٌ).
- Broken PluralsJamʿ Taksīrجَمْع تَكْسِيرThe broken plural: a plural that "breaks" the spelling of its singular (like mouse to mice) and carries ending sounds, so it looks singular and must be known by vocabulary. Grammatically it is treated as a singular feminine ("she"); human broken plurals may instead take their real plural.Introduced on Day 3 (which are treated as grammatically feminine).
- Clarification on the Alif MamdūdaAlif MamdūdaـَاءThe "stretched alif" ending (ـَاء). It typically marks femininity specifically for colors and sicknesses or defects, as in ṣafrāʾ (yellow, feminine) or ʿamyāʾ (a blind woman).Introduced on Day 3 (ـَاء): This ending (the "stretched alif," written آءَ and falling under the category COLORS / SICKNESSES) typically indicates femininity for colors or sicknesses/defects.
- Color Example: aṣfar (أَصْفَر, yellow, masculine) vs. ṣafrā' (صَفْرَاء, yellow, feminine), as in baqaratun ṣafrā' (a yellow cow).
- Defect Example: a'mā (أَعْمَىٰ, a blind man) vs. 'amyā' (عَمْيَاء, a blind woman).
- The seat of the hamza/stretched-alif: The final glottal stop can take different forms, ء أ ؤ ئ ى: which explains why the (اء) ending is written the way it is.
C. Vocabulary Warm-up
A fill-in vocabulary drill pairs Arabic with English. Examples:
- عَمَلِي (ʿamalī): action / work.
- ذِكْرُ رَحْمَةِ رَبِّكَ (dhikru raḥmati rabbika): a mention of the mercy of your Lord, the opening of Surah Maryam (19:2), a live demonstration of stacked IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3 (dhikru → raḥmati → rabbi → ka).
Quick check
Which "fake-feminine" ending marks femininity specifically for colors and sicknesses or defects, and what is one color example?
Show answer
The Alif Mamdūda (ـَاء, the stretched alif, written آءَ), as in ṣafrā' (صَفْرَاء, yellow feminine) versus aṣfar (أَصْفَر, yellow masculine), or 'amyā' (عَمْيَاء, a blind woman) versus a'mā (أَعْمَىٰ, a blind man).
3Lesson 2: The Five Fragments
This "semester" focuses on the five types of word combinations that are more than a word but less than a sentenceJumlaجُمْلَةA sentence: a complete thought. Arabic sentences are either nominal (Jumla Ismiyya, starting with a noun) or verbal (Jumla Fiʿliyya, starting with a verb).Introduced on Day 1.
A. The First Fragment: Iḍāfah (إضافة)
- Review: A two-part structure (MuḍāfMuḍāfمُضَافThe first word of an Iḍāfah, the thing being possessed (the word before "of"). It must be light and carry no Al, and it takes its type (proper/common) from the Muḍāf Ilayhi.Introduced on Day 3 + Muḍāf IlayhiMuḍāf Ilayhiمُضَاف إِلَيْهThe second word of an Iḍāfah, the possessor (the word after "of"). It must be in Jar status.Introduced on Day 3) that creates the meaning of "of."
- Muḍāf: Must be LIGHTLightA special form where the extra "n" sound has been dropped (muslimu instead of muslimun). A word goes light for exactly four reasons: it is partly flexible, it is the one being called (al-munādā), it follows the lā of absolute categorical negation (lā an-nāfiya lil-jins), or it is a Muḍāf.Introduced on Day 2 and have NO AlAlالْThe definite article "the" (الْ). Adding it makes a word proper and drops the tanwin off singulars (Al and tanwin cannot share one word). A Muḍāf can never carry Al.Introduced on Day 2.
- Muḍāf Ilayhi: Must be JARJarجَرّThe status of the word after "of" or after a preposition. Shown by the i/in sound. A word is Jar for one of two reasons: it is a Muḍāf Ilayhi, or it follows a Harf of Jar. The state-word for it is Majrūr.Introduced on Day 1.
- Examples from Surah An-Nās: Rabbi-n-nās (رَبِّ النَّاسِ, Lord of the people), Maliki-n-nās (مَلِكِ النَّاسِ), Ilāhi-n-nās (إِلَٰهِ النَّاسِ).
B. The Second Fragment: Jarr Majrūr (جَرّ مَجْرُور)
- Structure: A Ḥarf of JarrHarf Jarrحَرْف جَرّA preposition: a particle whose one job is to force the noun right after it into Jar status. There are 17 in all, of which 11 occur in the Qur’an (bi, ka, li, wa, ta, rubba, mundhu, ḥattā, khalā, min, fī, ʿan, ʿalā).Introduced on Day 4 followed by an IsmIsmاِسْمA noun: a word naming a person, place, thing, or idea (and also adjectives and adverbs). It has meaning but is unattached to time, so it is not a verb (Fiʿl) or a particle (Harf). One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1.
- Distinction (Jarr vs. Jārr):
- Jarr, the state (the grammatical statusIʿrābإِعْرَابStatus: the first and most important property of a noun. It is the grammatical case (Rafaʿ, Nasb, or Jar) shown by the word’s ending, telling you the word’s role in the sentence.Introduced on Day 1 itself, also called Jar).
- Jārr, creates that state (the ḤarfHarfحَرْفA particle: a word that has no meaning on its own until another word follows it (like in, on, to, of, and, but); it is not an Ism or a Fiʿl. One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1 that does the jarring).
- Terms:
- Jarr (جَرّ): The name for the Ḥarf itself (the one that does the jarring).
- MajrūrMajrūrمَجْرُورThe state-word describing a noun that is in Jar status. Also the name for the Ism that comes after a Harf of Jar (which forces it into Jar).Introduced on Day 1 (مَجْرُور): The name for the Ism after the Ḥarf (the one that gets jarred).
- Rule: The Jarr forces its Majrūr into the status of JAR.
- Example: مِنْ شَرِّ الْوَسْوَاسِ (min sharri-l-waswāsi): from the evil of the whisperer (Surah An-Nās 114:4). Here مِنْ is the Jārr and شَرِّ is its Majrūr (and شَرِّ is in turn a Muḍāf to الْوَسْوَاسِ, chained fragmentsFragmentA unit that is more than a word but less than a sentence. The five fragments (Iḍāfah, Jarr Majrūr, Harf of Nasb + its Ism, Mawṣūf-Ṣifah, and the demonstrative) cover about 70% of Arabic phrases.Introduced on Day 4).
- Drill with PronounsḌamīrضَمِيرA pronoun. Independent (detached) pronouns like huwa stand alone, are always Rafaʿ and proper. Attached pronouns like -hu cling to another word and are always Nasb or Jar.Introduced on Day 2: Attaching pronouns (which become the Majrūr) to a Ḥarf of Jarr.
- min (from) + hu (him) → minhu (مِنْهُ): from him
- ilā (to) + ka (you) → ilayka (إِلَيْكَ): to you
- ‘alā (on) + him (them) → ‘alayhim (عَلَيْهِمْ): on them
- bi (with) + nā (us) → binā (بِنَا): with us
Think of it like…
A jārr creates the state while the majrūr receives it. The prepositionḤarf al-Jarrحَرْف الجَرّA preposition (such as fī, min, bi, ʿalā). The noun right after it is put into Jar status, so the presence of a preposition is a sign that the next word is an Ism.Introduced on Day 1 is the one that forces its noun into Jar, just as a host sets the mood and the guest steps into it.
Think of it like…
Speaking salām to the Prophet is like missing a late grandparent and still talking to them aloud. It is a love-language, not a theology problem.
Remember
A Jārr is the particle that does the jarring; the Majrūr is the Ism that gets jarred. The Jārr always forces its Majrūr into the status of JAR.
Quick check
What does a Ḥarf of Jarr do to the noun (its Majrūr) that follows it?
Show answer
It forces that noun into the status of JAR, so مِنْ شَرٍّ becomes مِنْ شَرِّ.
Quick check
When you attach a pronoun to min (مِنْ), ilā (إِلَىٰ), or bi (بِـ), what status does that attached pronoun take, and what is one example of each?
Show answer
The attached pronoun is always Majrūr (Jar), because it follows a Ḥarf of Jarr. Examples: min + hu → minhu (مِنْهُ, from him), ilā + ka → ilayka (إِلَيْكَ, to you), bi + nā → binā (بِنَا, with us).
C. The Third Fragment: Ḥarf of Naṣb and its Ism
- Structure: One of the "Sisters of InnaHarf Naṣbحَرْف نَصْبA particle that forces its following Ism into Nasb. These are the "Sisters of Inna" (inna, anna, kaʾanna, lākinna, laʿalla, layta, biʾanna), and they can govern their Ism even across a long distance.Introduced on Day 5" followed by an Ism.
- Primary Rules for Ḥarf of Naṣb:
- The Ḥarf of Naṣb makes its Ism NaṣbNasbنَصْبThe "done-to" status (object / detail). The word receiving the action or giving its detail (to whom, what, where, when, how), answered by the a/an sound. The state-word for it is Mansūb.Introduced on Day 1.
- It can tolerate a long-distance relationship.
- Memorization List (The "Sisters of Inna"):
| Ḥarf | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| إِنَّ | inna | Certainly, For sure |
| أَنَّ | anna | That |
| كَأَنَّ | ka'anna | As though, As if |
| لَكِنَّ | lākinna | However |
| لَعَلَّ | la'alla | So that, Hopefully, Maybe |
| لَيْتَ | layta | Alas (express regret) |
| بِأَنَّ | bi'anna | Because |
- Note on the attached pronouns: The Naṣb form of the pronoun أَنَا (anā) is ـنِي (-nī), and the Naṣb form of نَحْنُ (naḥnu) is ـنَا (-nā). When attached to a Ḥarf of Naṣb, these pronouns can be written fully or the ن can be dropped: إِنَّنِي / إِنِّي (innanī / innī) and إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا (innanā / innā).
- Example āyah: الَّذِينَ يَقُولُونَ رَبَّنَا إِنَّنَا آمَنَّا (alladhīna yaqūlūna rabbanā innanā āmannā): Those who say, "Our Lord, indeed we have believed…" (Āl ʿImrān 3:16).
- Long-Distance Relationship: Unlike the first two fragments, the Ḥarf of Naṣb and its Ism can be separated by other words.
- āyāt demonstrating this:
- إِنَّ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافِ اللَّيْلِ وَالنَّهَارِ … لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْقِلُونَ: Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day … are signs for a people who reason (Al-Baqarah 2:164). Here إِنَّ is separated from its eventual Ism by a long string of words.
- وَاجْعَلْنَا لِلْمُتَّقِينَ إِمَامًا … أُولَٰئِكَ يُجْزَوْنَ الْغُرْفَةَ بِمَا صَبَرُوا (Al-Furqān 25:74–75): illustrating لِلْمُتَّقِينَ and the long sweep before the predicateKhabarخَبَرThe predicate of a nominal sentence: the piece of information said about the Mubtadaʾ. In English an invisible "is" links them.Introduced on Day 6.
- āyāt demonstrating this:
- Drill with Pronouns:
- Inna (Indeed) + hu (him) → Innahu (إِنَّهُ): Indeed, he...
- Inna (Indeed) + kum (you all) → Innakum (إِنَّكُمْ): Indeed, you all...
- Inna (Indeed) + nā (us) → Innanā or Innā (إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا): Indeed, we...
Rule
A Ḥarf of Naṣb makes its Ism Naṣb, and it tolerates a long-distance relationship, the Ḥarf and its Ism can be separated by many words and still govern each other.
Rule
Primary Rules for the Harf of Nasb
- The Harf of Nasb forces its following ism into Nasb status.
- It can tolerate a long-distance relationship: the harf and its ism may be separated by many words.
Quick check
What do the "Sisters of Inna" (the Ḥarf of Naṣb particles) do to their Ism?
Show answer
They put their Ism into the status of Naṣb, and they can govern it even across a long distance, so إِنَّ can sit far from the Ism it makes Naṣb.
D. The Fourth Fragment: Mawṣūf-Ṣifah (مَوْصُوف-صِفَة)
- Structure: A Noun (MawṣūfMawṣūfمَوْصُوفThe described noun in a noun-adjective fragment. It comes first (before its adjective) and can carry several adjectives. It is never a pronoun, pointer word, or Ism Mawṣūl.Introduced on Day 5) followed by its AdjectiveṢifahصِفَةThe adjective in a noun-adjective fragment. By the Golden Rule it must match its Mawṣūf in all four properties: Status, Number, Gender, and Type. In Arabic the adjective comes after the noun. It is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.Introduced on Day 5 (Ṣifah). This is the opposite of English (e.g., "a good book" vs. "a book good").
- The Golden Rule: The Mawṣūf and its Ṣifah must match in all FOUR properties:
- Status
- Number
- Gender
- Type
- Examples:
- kitābun qayyimun (كِتَابٌ قَيِّمٌ): A valuable book (both are Rafa'RafaʿرَفْعThe "doer" status (subject). The word that performs the action, answering "who or what did it?" Its singular ending is the u/un sound. The state-word for it is Marfūʿ.Introduced on Day 1, singularMufradمُفْرَدSingular: a noun referring to just one item. Its status is shown by the ending sound (un / an / in or u / a / i).Introduced on Day 1, masculineMudhakkarمُذَكَّرMasculine. The default gender of any noun: a word is masculine until it shows a sign of being feminine.Introduced on Day 3, commonNakiraنَكِرَةCommon (indefinite). The default type of any noun: a word is common unless it falls into one of the seven categories that make it proper.Introduced on Day 3).
- al-muslimu aṣ-ṣāliḥu (الْمُسْلِمُ الصَّالِحُ): The good Muslim (both are Rafa', singular, masculine, properMaʿrifaمَعْرِفَةProper (definite). A noun is common until proven proper; there are seven categories that make it proper, including proper names, words with Al, all pronouns, pointers, the Ism Mawṣūl, the one being called, and a Muḍāf to a proper word.Introduced on Day 3).
- Tricky Case (Broken PluralsJamʿ Taksīrجَمْع تَكْسِيرThe broken plural: a plural that "breaks" the spelling of its singular (like mouse to mice) and carries ending sounds, so it looks singular and must be known by vocabulary. Grammatically it is treated as a singular feminine ("she"); human broken plurals may instead take their real plural.Introduced on Day 3): Since non-human broken plurals are treated as singular feminineMuʾannathمُؤَنَّثFeminine. A noun is feminine either really (biologically female) or grammatically, for four reasons: certain endings (ة، اء، ى), the conventional-feminine words, paired body parts, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 3, their adjective must also be singular feminine.
- kutubun (كُتُبٌ, books) [pluralJamʿجَمْعPlural: a noun referring to three or more items. Arabic has five kinds of plural, including the sound masculine, sound feminine, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 1 but treated as singular feminine] + qayyimatun (قَيِّمَةٌ, valuable) [singular feminine adjective].
- Mawṣūf-ṢifahMawṣūf-Ṣifahمَوْصُوف صِفَةThe noun-adjective fragment: a noun (Mawṣūf) followed by its adjective (Ṣifah), which must agree in all four properties. This is the opposite order of English ("a book good").Introduced on Day 5 examples from the Qur'an:
| Phrase (Arabic) | Transliteration | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| سَرِيرٌ مَرْفُوعٌ | sarīrun marfūʿ | a raised couch/throne | Singular masculine, both Rafaʿ, singular |
| سَرِيرَانِ مَرْفُوعَانِ | sarīrāni marfūʿāni | two raised couches | Dual, adjective also dual |
| سُرُرٌ مَرْفُوعَةٌ | sururun marfūʿah | raised couches (88:13) | Non-human broken plural → singular feminine adjective |
| الطَّامَّةُ الْكُبْرَىٰ | aṭ-ṭāmmatu-l-kubrā | the greatest calamity (79:34) | Both have Al (proper); fem. + fem. |
| صُحُفًا مُطَهَّرَةً | ṣuḥufan muṭahharah | purified scriptures (98:2) | Both Naṣb, fem. |
| بَلَاءٌ … عَظِيمٌ (بَلَاءٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ عَظِيمٌ) | balā'un … ʿaẓīm | a great trial from your Lord (2:49) | Ṣifah (عَظِيمٌ) matches Mawṣūf (بَلَاءٌ) even across the jārr majrūr مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ |
| كَعَصْفٍ مَّأْكُولٍ | ka-ʿaṣfin ma'kūl | like chewed-up straw (105:5) | Both Jar (after كَ); sing. masc. |
| نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ | nārun ḥāmiyah | a blazing fire (101:11) | Both Rafaʿ, fem. |
| غُلَامَيْنِ يَتِيمَيْنِ | ghulāmayni yatīmayni | two orphan boys (18:82) | Dual, both in the dual form |
Rule
The Golden Rule of Mawṣūf-Ṣifah: a noun and its adjective must match in all four properties, Status, Number, Gender, and Type.
Watch out
Non-human broken plurals are treated as singular feminine. Their adjective must therefore be singular feminine too, not plural, so سُرُرٌ takes مَرْفُوعَةٌ, not a masculine pluralJamʿ Mudhakkar Sālimجَمْع مُذَكَّر سَالِمThe sound masculine plural: identified by the -ūna (Rafaʿ) / -īna (Nasb-Jar) combinations. It is used for intelligent beings only and is inclusive (covers a mixed group of men and women).Introduced on Day 1 form.
Note on the Fifth Fragment: The source counts five fragments (covering ~70% of Arabic phrases). The four named fragments above are the IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3, the Jarr MajrūrJarr Majrūrجَرّ مَجْرُورThe fragment made of a Harf of Jarr plus its Ism, like min sharri (from the evil of). The Jārr does the jarring; the Majrūr is the noun that gets jarred into Jar status.Introduced on Day 5, the Ḥarf of Naṣb + its Ism, and the Mawṣūf-Ṣifah. The Grand Synthesis below shows how these chain together.
4Lesson 3: The Grand Synthesis: Analyzing Bismillāh & Al-Fātiḥah
This is where all the rules come together to unlock the grammar of the Quran.
Ayah 1: Bismi-llāhi-r-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm
- Bi: Ḥarf of JarrHarf Jarrحَرْف جَرّA preposition: a particle whose one job is to force the noun right after it into Jar status. There are 17 in all, of which 11 occur in the Qur’an (bi, ka, li, wa, ta, rubba, mundhu, ḥattā, khalā, min, fī, ʿan, ʿalā).Introduced on Day 4.
- Ismi: MajrūrMajrūrمَجْرُورThe state-word describing a noun that is in Jar status. Also the name for the Ism that comes after a Harf of Jar (which forces it into Jar).Introduced on Day 1 (because of Bi) AND MuḍāfMuḍāfمُضَافThe first word of an Iḍāfah, the thing being possessed (the word before "of"). It must be light and carry no Al, and it takes its type (proper/common) from the Muḍāf Ilayhi.Introduced on Day 3 (it's lightLightA special form where the extra "n" sound has been dropped (muslimu instead of muslimun). A word goes light for exactly four reasons: it is partly flexible, it is the one being called (al-munādā), it follows the lā of absolute categorical negation (lā an-nāfiya lil-jins), or it is a Muḍāf.Introduced on Day 2 with no AlAlالْThe definite article "the" (الْ). Adding it makes a word proper and drops the tanwin off singulars (Al and tanwin cannot share one word). A Muḍāf can never carry Al.Introduced on Day 2).
- Allāhi: Muḍāf IlayhiMuḍāf Ilayhiمُضَاف إِلَيْهThe second word of an Iḍāfah, the possessor (the word after "of"). It must be in Jar status.Introduced on Day 3 (because of Ismi) AND MawṣūfMawṣūfمَوْصُوفThe described noun in a noun-adjective fragment. It comes first (before its adjective) and can carry several adjectives. It is never a pronoun, pointer word, or Ism Mawṣūl.Introduced on Day 5 (the noun being described).
- Ar-Raḥmāni: ṢifahṢifahصِفَةThe adjective in a noun-adjective fragment. By the Golden Rule it must match its Mawṣūf in all four properties: Status, Number, Gender, and Type. In Arabic the adjective comes after the noun. It is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.Introduced on Day 5 #1 (adjective for Allah, matches in all 4 properties: JarJarجَرّThe status of the word after "of" or after a preposition. Shown by the i/in sound. A word is Jar for one of two reasons: it is a Muḍāf Ilayhi, or it follows a Harf of Jar. The state-word for it is Majrūr.Introduced on Day 1, SingularMufradمُفْرَدSingular: a noun referring to just one item. Its status is shown by the ending sound (un / an / in or u / a / i).Introduced on Day 1, MasculineMudhakkarمُذَكَّرMasculine. The default gender of any noun: a word is masculine until it shows a sign of being feminine.Introduced on Day 3, ProperMaʿrifaمَعْرِفَةProper (definite). A noun is common until proven proper; there are seven categories that make it proper, including proper names, words with Al, all pronouns, pointers, the Ism Mawṣūl, the one being called, and a Muḍāf to a proper word.Introduced on Day 3).
- Ar-Raḥīmi: Ṣifah #2 (another adjective for Allah, also matches).
Ayah 2: Alḥamdu lillāhi rabbi-l-‘ālamīn
Each phrase here is a jārr majrūrJarr Majrūrجَرّ مَجْرُورThe fragment made of a Harf of Jarr plus its Ism, like min sharri (from the evil of). The Jārr does the jarring; the Majrūr is the noun that gets jarred into Jar status.Introduced on Day 5: لِلّٰهِ (lillāhi), رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ (rabbi-l-ʿālamīn), and الرَّحْمٰنِ (ar-raḥmān) can each be tagged as jārr majrūr.
- li (لِـ): Ḥarf of Jarr.
- Allāhi (اللّٰهِ): Majrūr (because of li) AND Mawṣūf.
- Rabbi-l-‘ālamīn (رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ): This entire IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3 (Rabbi is Muḍāf, al-‘ālamīn is Muḍāf Ilayhi) acts as Ṣifah #1 for Allāhi.
Ayah 3: Ar-raḥmāni-r-raḥīm
- Ar-Raḥmāni: Ṣifah #2 for Allāhi.
- Ar-Raḥīmi: Ṣifah #3 for Allāhi.
Ayah 4: Māliki yawmi-d-dīn
- This entire Iḍāfah chain (Māliki → yawmi → ad-dīn) acts as Ṣifah #4 for Allāhi.
Conclusion: The opening verses of Al-Fātiḥah are a masterclass in fragmentsFragmentA unit that is more than a word but less than a sentence. The five fragments (Iḍāfah, Jarr Majrūr, Harf of Nasb + its Ism, Mawṣūf-Ṣifah, and the demonstrative) cover about 70% of Arabic phrases.Introduced on Day 4, demonstrating how Jarr Majrūr, Iḍāfah, and Mawṣūf-ṢifahMawṣūf-Ṣifahمَوْصُوف صِفَةThe noun-adjective fragment: a noun (Mawṣūf) followed by its adjective (Ṣifah), which must agree in all four properties. This is the opposite order of English ("a book good").Introduced on Day 5 all chain together to form one complex, beautiful grammatical sentenceJumlaجُمْلَةA sentence: a complete thought. Arabic sentences are either nominal (Jumla Ismiyya, starting with a noun) or verbal (Jumla Fiʿliyya, starting with a verb).Introduced on Day 1.
5Practice Drills
(These drills summarize and consolidate Days 1–5.)
Exercise 1: The Four Properties Analysis (The Main Drill)
This is the most repeated and fundamental exercise. For any given IsmIsmاِسْمA noun: a word naming a person, place, thing, or idea (and also adjectives and adverbs). It has meaning but is unattached to time, so it is not a verb (Fiʿl) or a particle (Harf). One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1, you must be able to identify its four properties by following this exact process.
Objective: For any given Ism, identify its:
- StatusIʿrābإِعْرَابStatus: the first and most important property of a noun. It is the grammatical case (Rafaʿ, Nasb, or Jar) shown by the word’s ending, telling you the word’s role in the sentence.Introduced on Day 1 (Rafa'RafaʿرَفْعThe "doer" status (subject). The word that performs the action, answering "who or what did it?" Its singular ending is the u/un sound. The state-word for it is Marfūʿ.Introduced on Day 1, NasbNasbنَصْبThe "done-to" status (object / detail). The word receiving the action or giving its detail (to whom, what, where, when, how), answered by the a/an sound. The state-word for it is Mansūb.Introduced on Day 1, or JarJarجَرّThe status of the word after "of" or after a preposition. Shown by the i/in sound. A word is Jar for one of two reasons: it is a Muḍāf Ilayhi, or it follows a Harf of Jar. The state-word for it is Majrūr.Introduced on Day 1)
- Number (SingularMufradمُفْرَدSingular: a noun referring to just one item. Its status is shown by the ending sound (un / an / in or u / a / i).Introduced on Day 1, DualMuthannāمُثَنَّىDual: a noun referring to exactly two items. Rafaʿ ends in -āni; Nasb and Jar both end in -ayni.Introduced on Day 1, or PluralJamʿجَمْعPlural: a noun referring to three or more items. Arabic has five kinds of plural, including the sound masculine, sound feminine, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 1)
- Gender (MasculineMudhakkarمُذَكَّرMasculine. The default gender of any noun: a word is masculine until it shows a sign of being feminine.Introduced on Day 3 or FeminineMuʾannathمُؤَنَّثFeminine. A noun is feminine either really (biologically female) or grammatically, for four reasons: certain endings (ة، اء، ى), the conventional-feminine words, paired body parts, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 3)
- Type (CommonNakiraنَكِرَةCommon (indefinite). The default type of any noun: a word is common unless it falls into one of the seven categories that make it proper.Introduced on Day 3 or ProperMaʿrifaمَعْرِفَةProper (definite). A noun is common until proven proper; there are seven categories that make it proper, including proper names, words with Al, all pronouns, pointers, the Ism Mawṣūl, the one being called, and a Muḍāf to a proper word.Introduced on Day 3)
The Process:
- Status: First ask: "Is this an ending sound or an ending combination?" This determines its status.
- Number: Identify if it's singular, dual, or plural.
- If it's plural, you MUST ask the follow-up: "Which of the five types of plural is it?" (Masculine Sound, Feminine Sound, Human Broken, Non-Human Broken, or "Arabs Said So").
- Gender: Ask: "Is there any sign of feminine?" (e.g., Tā MarbūṭaTā MarbūṭaةThe "tied tā" (ة) ending. It is the most common sign that a word is feminine. In the sound feminine plural it "opens up" into a regular tā (ت) before the -āt ending.Introduced on Day 2, a feminine name, a broken pluralJamʿ Taksīrجَمْع تَكْسِيرThe broken plural: a plural that "breaks" the spelling of its singular (like mouse to mice) and carries ending sounds, so it looks singular and must be known by vocabulary. Grammatically it is treated as a singular feminine ("she"); human broken plurals may instead take their real plural.Introduced on Day 3, on the standard feminine-signs list). If no, it is masculine by default.
- Type: Ask: "Is it one of the seven categories of proper?" (e.g., a specific name, has AlAlالْThe definite article "the" (الْ). Adding it makes a word proper and drops the tanwin off singulars (Al and tanwin cannot share one word). A Muḍāf can never carry Al.Introduced on Day 2, a pronounḌamīrضَمِيرA pronoun. Independent (detached) pronouns like huwa stand alone, are always Rafaʿ and proper. Attached pronouns like -hu cling to another word and are always Nasb or Jar.Introduced on Day 2). If no, it is common by default.
Practice Examples:
| Ism | Your Analysis | Correct Answer |
|---|---|---|
| al-muslimīna (الْمُسْلِمِيْنَ) | Status: / Number: / Gender: / Type: | Status: Nasb or Jar (from -īna combination) · Number: Plural (Masculine Sound) · Gender: Masculine · Type: Proper (because of Al) |
| kutubun (كُتُبٌ) | Status: / Number: / Gender: / Type: | Status: Rafa' (from -un sound) · Number: Plural (Non-Human Broken Plural) · Gender: Feminine (because it's a non-human broken plural) · Type: Common |
| Rabbi (رَبِّ) in Rabbi-l-ʿālamīn | Status: / Number: / Gender: / Type: | Status: Jar (from -i sound) · Number: Singular · Gender: Masculine (no sign of feminine) · Type: Proper (because it is a Muḍāf to al-‘ālamīn, which is proper) |
Exercise 2: Light vs. Heavy Identification & Conversion
This drill solidifies your understanding of a key concept for identifying the MuḍāfMuḍāfمُضَافThe first word of an Iḍāfah, the thing being possessed (the word before "of"). It must be light and carry no Al, and it takes its type (proper/common) from the Muḍāf Ilayhi.Introduced on Day 3.
Objective: Identify if a word is LightLightA special form where the extra "n" sound has been dropped (muslimu instead of muslimun). A word goes light for exactly four reasons: it is partly flexible, it is the one being called (al-munādā), it follows the lā of absolute categorical negation (lā an-nāfiya lil-jins), or it is a Muḍāf.Introduced on Day 2, HeavyHeavyThe normal, default form of a noun, which keeps the extra "n" sound (from tanwin like -un, or a combination like -āni / -ūna). After lā it signals a general negation.Introduced on Day 2, or if the question is Invalid. Be able to convert between Light and Heavy.
The Process:
- Look at the word. Does it have Al? If yes, the question is Invalid.
- If no Al, listen for the extra "n" sound (from tanwīnTanwīnتَنْوِينThe extra "-n" sound at the end of a noun (the un / an / in of "a"), which makes the word "heavy." Tanwin and the article Al cannot sit on the same word.Introduced on Day 1 like -un or a combination like -āni). If yes, the word is Heavy.
- If no Al and no extra "n" sound, the word is Light.
Practice Examples:
| Word | Your Answer (Light, Heavy, or Invalid?) | Conversion (If applicable) |
|---|---|---|
| muslimun (مُسْلِمٌ) | Heavy | Light version: muslimu (مُسْلِمُ) |
| muslimū (مُسْلِمُو) | Light | Heavy version: muslimūna (مُسْلِمُوْنَ) |
| al-kitābi (الْكِتَابِ) | Invalid | (Not applicable) |
| qalaman (قَلَمًا) | Heavy | Light version: qalama (قَلَمَ) |
Exercise 3: The Three-Question Pronoun Drill
This drill is essential for correctly translating and understanding pronouns, especially the attached ones.
Objective: For any attached pronoun you see, answer these three questions:
- Where does it come from? (What is its original independent pronoun?)
- What does it mean?
- What is its status? (The answer is always Nasb or Jar.)
Practice Examples:
| Phrase with Pronoun | Your Analysis (3 Questions) | Correct Answer |
|---|---|---|
| kitābukum (كِتَابُكُمْ) | 1. Origin: / 2. Meaning: / 3. Status: | 1. Origin: Antum (أَنْتُمْ) · 2. Meaning: You all / Your · 3. Status: Jar (as a Muḍāf Ilayhi) |
| minhā (مِنْهَا) | 1. Origin: / 2. Meaning: / 3. Status: | 1. Origin: Hiya (هِيَ) · 2. Meaning: She / Her · 3. Status: Jar (as a Majrūr) |
| ra'aytuhum (رَأَيْتُهُمْ) | 1. Origin: / 2. Meaning: / 3. Status: | 1. Origin: Hum (هُمْ) · 2. Meaning: They / Them · 3. Status: Nasb (as an object) |
Exercise 4: Fragment Identification ("I know what it's not")
This drill teaches you to analyze short phrases and identify which of the fragmentsFragmentA unit that is more than a word but less than a sentence. The five fragments (Iḍāfah, Jarr Majrūr, Harf of Nasb + its Ism, Mawṣūf-Ṣifah, and the demonstrative) cover about 70% of Arabic phrases.Introduced on Day 4 is present.
Objective: For a given phrase, identify if it is an IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3, Jarr MajrūrJarr Majrūrجَرّ مَجْرُورThe fragment made of a Harf of Jarr plus its Ism, like min sharri (from the evil of). The Jārr does the jarring; the Majrūr is the noun that gets jarred into Jar status.Introduced on Day 5, or Mawṣūf-ṢifahMawṣūf-Ṣifahمَوْصُوف صِفَةThe noun-adjective fragment: a noun (Mawṣūf) followed by its adjective (Ṣifah), which must agree in all four properties. This is the opposite order of English ("a book good").Introduced on Day 5.
The Process:
- Check for Iḍāfah: Is the first word Light and has no Al? Is the second word Jar? Are they right next to each other?
- Check for Jarr Majrūr: Is the first word one of the 11 ḤarfHarfحَرْفA particle: a word that has no meaning on its own until another word follows it (like in, on, to, of, and, but); it is not an Ism or a Fiʿl. One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1 of Jar? Is the second word Jar?
- Check for Mawṣūf-Ṣifah: Do the two words match in all four properties (Status, Number, Gender, Type)?
Practice Examples:
| Phrase | Your Analysis (Which Fragment is it?) | Correct Answer & Justification |
|---|---|---|
| Rabbi-n-nās (رَبِّ النَّاسِ) | Iḍāfah. Rabbi is light & no Al; an-Nās is Jar. | |
| fī-l-masjidi (فِي الْمَسْجِدِ) | Jarr Majrūr. fī is a Ḥarf of Jar; al-masjidi is Jar. | |
| kitābun jadīdun (كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ) | Mawṣūf-Ṣifah. Both words match in all four properties (Rafa', Singular, Masculine, Common). | |
| ‘adhābun shadīdun (عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ) | Mawṣūf-Ṣifah. It is NOT an Iḍāfah because the first word (‘adhābun) is heavy. |
Drill: Jarr Majrūr with Attached Pronouns
1. With min (مِنْ: from)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hu (ـهُ) | مِنْهُ | minhu | from him |
| -humā (ـهُمَا) | مِنْهُمَا | minhumā | from them both |
| -hum (ـهُمْ) | مِنْهُمْ | minhum | from them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | مِنْهَا | minhā | from her |
| -hunna (ـهُنَّ) | مِنْهُنَّ | minhunna | from them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | مِنْكَ | minka | from you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | مِنْكُمَا | minkumā | from you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | مِنْكُمْ | minkum | from you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | مِنْكِ | minki | from you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | مِنْكُنَّ | minkunna | from you all (fem.) |
| -ī / -nī (ـي / ـنِي) | مِنِّي | minnī | from me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | مِنَّا | minnā | from us |
2. With ilā (إِلَىٰ: to)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hi (ـهِ) | إِلَيْهِ | ilayhi | to him |
| -himā (ـهِمَا) | إِلَيْهِمَا | ilayhimā | to them both |
| -him (ـهِمْ) | إِلَيْهِمْ | ilayhim | to them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | إِلَيْهَا | ilayhā | to her |
| -hinna (ـهِنَّ) | إِلَيْهِنَّ | ilayhinna | to them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | إِلَيْكَ | ilayka | to you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | إِلَيْكُمَا | ilaykumā | to you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | إِلَيْكُمْ | ilaykum | to you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | إِلَيْكِ | ilayki | to you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | إِلَيْكُنَّ | ilaykunna | to you all (fem.) |
| -ī / -ya (ـي / ـيَّ) | إِلَيَّ | ilayya | to me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | إِلَيْنَا | ilaynā | to us |
3. With ‘alā (عَلَىٰ: on / upon)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hi (ـهِ) | عَلَيْهِ | ‘alayhi | on him |
| -himā (ـهِمَا) | عَلَيْهِمَا | ‘alayhimā | on them both |
| -him (ـهِمْ) | عَلَيْهِمْ | ‘alayhim | on them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | عَلَيْهَا | ‘alayhā | on her |
| -hinna (ـهِنَّ) | عَلَيْهِنَّ | ‘alayhinna | on them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | عَلَيْكَ | ‘alayka | on you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | عَلَيْكُمَا | ‘alaykumā | on you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | عَلَيْكُمْ | ‘alaykum | on you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | عَلَيْكِ | ‘alayki | on you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | عَلَيْكُنَّ | ‘alaykunna | on you all (fem.) |
| -ī / -ya (ـي / ـيَّ) | عَلَيَّ | ‘alayya | on me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | عَلَيْنَا | ‘alaynā | on us |
4. With bi (بِـ: with / in / by)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hi (ـهِ) | بِهِ | bihi | with him |
| -himā (ـهِمَا) | بِهِمَا | bihimā | with them both |
| -him (ـهِمْ) | بِهِمْ | bihim | with them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | بِهَا | bihā | with her |
| -hinna (ـهِنَّ) | بِهِنَّ | bihinna | with them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | بِكَ | bika | with you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | بِكُمَا | bikumā | with you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | بِكُمْ | bikum | with you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | بِكِ | biki | with you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | بِكُنَّ | bikunna | with you all (fem.) |
| -ī (ـي) | بِي | bī | with me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | بِنَا | binā | with us |
5. With lī (لِـ: for / belonging to)
(Note: When li attaches to pronouns, it often becomes laLāلَاThe word "no." After lā, a heavy noun signals a general negation (generally no), while a light noun signals an absolute, categorical negation (absolutely no), as in lā ilāha illā Allāh.Introduced on Day 2 for easier pronunciation, except for lī, "for me.")
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hu (ـهُ) | لَهُ | lahu | for him |
| -humā (ـهُمَا) | لَهُمَا | lahumā | for them both |
| -hum (ـهُمْ) | لَهُمْ | lahum | for them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | لَهَا | lahā | for her |
| -hunna (ـهُنَّ) | لَهُنَّ | lahunna | for them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | لَكَ | laka | for you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | لَكُمَا | lakumā | for you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | لَكُمْ | lakum | for you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | لَكِ | laki | for you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | لَكُنَّ | lakunna | for you all (fem.) |
| -ī (ـي) | لِي | lī | for me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | لَنَا | lanā | for us |
6. With fī (فِي: in / inside)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hi (ـهِ) | فِيهِ | fīhi | in it / in him |
| -himā (ـهِمَا) | فِيهِمَا | fīhimā | in them both |
| -him (ـهِمْ) | فِيهِمْ | fīhim | in them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | فِيهَا | fīhā | in it / in her |
| -hinna (ـهِنَّ) | فِيهِنَّ | fīhinna | in them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | فِيكَ | fīka | in you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | فِيكُمَا | fīkumā | in you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | فِيكُمْ | fīkum | in you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | فِيكِ | fīki | in you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | فِيكُنَّ | fīkunna | in you all (fem.) |
| -ī / -ya (ـي / ـيَّ) | فِيَّ | fiyya | in me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | فِينَا | fīnā | in us |
7. With ‘an (عَنْ: about / from)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hu (ـهُ) | عَنْهُ | ‘anhu | about him |
| -humā (ـهُمَا) | عَنْهُمَا | ‘anhumā | about them both |
| -hum (ـهُمْ) | عَنْهُمْ | ‘anhum | about them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | عَنْهَا | ‘anhā | about her |
| -hinna (ـهِنَّ) | عَنْهُنَّ | ‘anhunna | about them (fem.) |
| -ka (ـكَ) | عَنْكَ | ‘anka | about you |
| -kumā (ـكُمَا) | عَنْكُمَا | ‘ankumā | about you both |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | عَنْكُمْ | ‘ankum | about you all |
| -ki (ـكِ) | عَنْكِ | ‘anki | about you (fem.) |
| -kunna (ـكُنَّ) | عَنْكُنَّ | ‘ankunna | about you all (fem.) |
| -ī / -nī (ـي / ـنِي) | عَنِّي | ‘annī | about me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | عَنَّا | ‘annā | about us |
8. With ka (كَـ: like / as)
(Note: ka is less commonly attached to pronouns but is grammatically possible. It is most often used with nouns.)
| Attached Pronoun | Arabic | Transliteration | English Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| -hu (ـهُ) | كَهُ | kahu | like him |
| -hum (ـهُمْ) | كَهُمْ | kahum | like them |
| -hā (ـهَا) | كَهَا | kahā | like her |
| -ka (ـكَ) | كَكَ | kaka | like you |
| -kum (ـكُمْ) | كَكُمْ | kakum | like you all |
| -ī (ـي) | كِي | kī | like me |
| -nā (ـنَا) | كَنَا | kanā | like us |
Ḥurūf Jarr with Special Uses
These particles do not typically attach to pronouns. They are almost always followed by a noun.
| Ḥarf of Jarr | Transliteration | English Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| وَ | wa | By (for swearing/oath) | wa-l-'aṣri (وَالْعَصْرِ): By the Time |
| تَـ | ta | By (for swearing, almost exclusively with Allah) | tallāhi (تَاللَّهِ): By Allah |
| حَتَّىٰ | ḥattā | Until | ḥattā maṭla'i-l-fajr (حَتَّىٰ مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ): until the rising of the dawn |
6Recap
- The default gender is masculineMudhakkarمُذَكَّرMasculine. The default gender of any noun: a word is masculine until it shows a sign of being feminine.Introduced on Day 3; femininity is identified by signs, most commonly the Tā MarbūṭaTā MarbūṭaةThe "tied tā" (ة) ending. It is the most common sign that a word is feminine. In the sound feminine plural it "opens up" into a regular tā (ت) before the -āt ending.Introduced on Day 2 and broken pluralsJamʿ Taksīrجَمْع تَكْسِيرThe broken plural: a plural that "breaks" the spelling of its singular (like mouse to mice) and carries ending sounds, so it looks singular and must be known by vocabulary. Grammatically it is treated as a singular feminine ("she"); human broken plurals may instead take their real plural.Introduced on Day 3, plus the stretched-alif ending for colors and defects.
- Five fragmentsFragmentA unit that is more than a word but less than a sentence. The five fragments (Iḍāfah, Jarr Majrūr, Harf of Nasb + its Ism, Mawṣūf-Ṣifah, and the demonstrative) cover about 70% of Arabic phrases.Introduced on Day 4 build the bulk of Arabic phrases: IḍāfahIḍāfahإِضَافَةThe possessive "of" construction joining two nouns, like rasūlu-llāh (the Messenger of Allah). It needs a Muḍāf (light, no Al) immediately followed by a Muḍāf Ilayhi (in Jar). Iḍāfahs can chain together.Introduced on Day 3, Jarr MajrūrJarr Majrūrجَرّ مَجْرُورThe fragment made of a Harf of Jarr plus its Ism, like min sharri (from the evil of). The Jārr does the jarring; the Majrūr is the noun that gets jarred into Jar status.Introduced on Day 5, the Ḥarf of NaṣbHarf Naṣbحَرْف نَصْبA particle that forces its following Ism into Nasb. These are the "Sisters of Inna" (inna, anna, kaʾanna, lākinna, laʿalla, layta, biʾanna), and they can govern their Ism even across a long distance.Introduced on Day 5 + its IsmIsmاِسْمA noun: a word naming a person, place, thing, or idea (and also adjectives and adverbs). It has meaning but is unattached to time, so it is not a verb (Fiʿl) or a particle (Harf). One of the three Arabic word types.Introduced on Day 1, and the Mawṣūf-ṢifahMawṣūf-Ṣifahمَوْصُوف صِفَةThe noun-adjective fragment: a noun (Mawṣūf) followed by its adjective (Ṣifah), which must agree in all four properties. This is the opposite order of English ("a book good").Introduced on Day 5.
- A Jārr forces its MajrūrMajrūrمَجْرُورThe state-word describing a noun that is in Jar status. Also the name for the Ism that comes after a Harf of Jar (which forces it into Jar).Introduced on Day 1 into the JARJarجَرّThe status of the word after "of" or after a preposition. Shown by the i/in sound. A word is Jar for one of two reasons: it is a Muḍāf Ilayhi, or it follows a Harf of Jar. The state-word for it is Majrūr.Introduced on Day 1 statusIʿrābإِعْرَابStatus: the first and most important property of a noun. It is the grammatical case (Rafaʿ, Nasb, or Jar) shown by the word’s ending, telling you the word’s role in the sentence.Introduced on Day 1; a Ḥarf of Naṣb forces its Ism into NaṣbNasbنَصْبThe "done-to" status (object / detail). The word receiving the action or giving its detail (to whom, what, where, when, how), answered by the a/an sound. The state-word for it is Mansūb.Introduced on Day 1 and can govern it across a long distance.
- The Golden Rule of Mawṣūf-Ṣifah requires agreement in all four properties, Status, Number, Gender, and Type.
- Non-human broken plurals count as singularMufradمُفْرَدSingular: a noun referring to just one item. Its status is shown by the ending sound (un / an / in or u / a / i).Introduced on Day 1 feminineMuʾannathمُؤَنَّثFeminine. A noun is feminine either really (biologically female) or grammatically, for four reasons: certain endings (ة، اء، ى), the conventional-feminine words, paired body parts, and broken plurals.Introduced on Day 3, so their adjectives must be singular feminine.
- The opening of AlAlالْThe definite article "the" (الْ). Adding it makes a word proper and drops the tanwin off singulars (Al and tanwin cannot share one word). A Muḍāf can never carry Al.Introduced on Day 2-Fātiḥah chains Jarr Majrūr, Iḍāfah, and Mawṣūf-Ṣifah into one connected grammatical structure.